+arthrosclerosis
Saturday, May 25, 2019
An obese woman consumes large amounts of beer daily. Leads a sedentary lifestyle. I went to the doctor with complaints of pain in small joints and their deformation due to the presence of stony density formations. Diagnosed with gout. Microscopic picture of the identified formations
+necrocis , inflammation , sclerosis
Histological examination of skin neoplasms revealed that the parenchyma was formed from epithelial epithelium with an increased number of layers, epithelial cells are polymorphic, with nuclear hyperchromia and multiple pathological mitoses, the basal membrane is destroyed, and invasion into the dermis is observed. Type of atypism in this tumor
+tissue & cellar
The section revealed multiple hemorrhagic heart attacks of the lungs, in some vessels of the lungs - brownish colored dense masses that are not attached to the vessel wall, varicose veins of the lower extremities, in which there are blood clots. Pathological process in the vessels of the lungs
+thrombo embolism of pulmonary artries
A patient with gastroscopy in the area of the lesser curvature revealed a tumor formation with a diameter of 1.5 cm on the leg. The remote tumor is well delimited, soft elastic consistency, on the cut of gray-pink color, resembles the gastric mucosa. Histological examination diagnosed adenoma. Histogenesis of this tumor
+epithelial organ specific
A 26-year-old patient who died of decompensated chronic heart failure was diagnosed with rheumatic granulomatous myocarditis. Microscopically, granulomas are observed in the myocardium, which consist of macrophages with hyperchromic nuclei and light cytoplasm, in the center - a center of necrosis. The nature of necrosis in the center of the granulomas
+fibrinoid
On autopsy of a 60-year-old man who died of cardiopulmonary insufficiency, myogenic expansion of the ventricular cavities of the heart, hydro pericardium, brown induration of the lungs, nutmeg liver, cyanotic induration of the kidneys and spleen was detected. Type of circulatory disorders in this case
+chronic genral venous
The patient has stenosing atherosclerotic coronary sclerosis. Type of heart attack characteristic of the heart
+irregular shape , white with hae
An encapsulated focus of caseous necrosis was found in a patient at an autopsy in the apex of the right lung. Encapsulation process
+ fouling of necrocis mass with connective tissue
A shard of glass was extracted from a patient by surgery from the skin. Kind of inflammation, developing around the foreign body
+non specific grnulomalous inflamation
The patient complained of severe pain in the second finger of the hand, there was redness and swelling of the finger, on the terminal phalanx there was a greenish round hearth. At the opening of the lesion, a cavity was formed with the contents of a greenish, cream-like appearance. Type of exudative inflammation
+purulent
Male 54 years old suffering from 10 years of urolithiasis. Operated in urgent order. The left kidney is sharply increased in volume. 400 ml of reddish urine with a flocculent sediment poured out of the cavity of the pelvis during the incision, pH is alkaline. Removed coral, white stone. Calculus in the pelvis of the left kidney most probable by chemical composition
+phosphate
The patient for many years suffered from bronchiectasis. Died from decompensation of chronic renal failure. Macroscopic characteristics of the kidneys
+enlarged dense yellow white with a greasy
A woman who died from chronic alcohol intoxication had a sharply enlarged, yellowish liver of a pasty consistency at autopsy. Microscopically in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes during staining, optically empty vacuoles with clear boundaries are determined by different sizes. Type of dystrophy, developed in the liver
+parenchymal adepose
The patient is 52 years old, for 5 years she suffers from tibial osteomyelitis with fistulas. During the last year, edema appeared, proteinuria and cylindruria were noted. Death came from azotemic uremia. Microscopic changes in the kidneys with this process
+congophilic deposit in glomeruli vessel with stroma
The newborn is diagnosed with elephantiasis. The cause of congenital chronic local lymphedema
+aplasia of lymphatic vessel of lower extrem
A 40-year-old patient complained of weight loss, the presence of multiple brown nodes in the skin and subcutaneous tissue. A month before, she accidentally damaged a pigment spot in the interscapular region. With the increasing phenomena of cachexia, death occurred. At autopsy, black-brown nodes were found in the subcutaneous tissue, liver, lungs, and lymph nodes. Effected tumor
+melanoma
In a 45-year-old patient, a mobile tumor nodule well delimited from surrounding tissues was found in the thickness of the neck skin. Microscopic examination revealed randomly intertwined bundles of collagen fibers with a small number of cells. Group of tumors, according to the histogenetic classification, to which the detected tumor
+mesenchymal
A fluorographic study of a 60-year-old man in the upper lobe of the right lung was found to have a rounded darkening with clear contours, and renal cell carcinoma metastasis was diagnosed. A characteristic feature of renal cell cancer metastasis
+tumor matastasis mainly by memtogenous, early metastasis in lung, kidney , liver
A 70-year-old patient who had been operated on for varicose veins of the lower extremities had a sudden death in the postoperative period with symptoms of acute pulmonary insufficiency. At the necropsy in the right lung a portion of a dark red conical shape, with its base facing the pleura, was found. Lung process
+heam. Heart attack
A 35-year-old patient with a profuse pulmonary hemorrhage caused by acute cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis, is marked with thrombocytopenia, a decrease in fibrinogen, the appearance of fibrin degradation products in the blood, and the appearance of petechial hemorrhages. The reason for these changes
+DIC syndrome
On a section of the body of a 76-year-old woman, it was found: a dense liver, enlarged, variegated on the incision. Microscopically: the lumens of the central veins of the hepatic lobes dilated, the sinusoids of the lobule centers are full-blooded, the centrolobular hepatocytes with signs of fatty degeneration, necrosis and atrophy; on the periphery of the lobules hepatocytes saved. Type of circulatory disorders that caused changes in the liver
+general venous hypermia
A 60-year-old patient died from decompensation of chronic cardiovascular insufficiency. Microscopic picture of changes in the liver
+haemrrhage &necrocis is center of heptic lobule, fatty degeneration in center of hepatic lobule
A man with caisson disease died with signs of acute cerebrovascular accidents in the middle cerebral artery basin of the left hemisphere of the brain. At the autopsy revealed a center of gray softening of the brain of the specified area with dimensions of 6x7x3.4 cm. The process that caused the death
+ purulent fusion
A 65-year-old patient suffering from atherosclerosis noted pain in the right lower extremity, aggravated when walking. The tissues of the first toe were dark brown in color, the skin was dry and wrinkled, the border between the affected area and the surrounding tissues was clear. The reason for this necrosis
+disturbance of tropsin
The patient has a lung lobe removed due to chronic bronchitis, complicated by the development of bronchiectasis. Histological examination of the remote lung in the wall of the bronchi found chronic inflammation, the mucous membrane of the bronchi covered with stratified squamous epithelium. Cause of metaplasia
+chronic inflamation
An autopsy of a 57-year-old patient who suffered from hypertension and died of heart failure decompensation revealed an enlarged heart with enlarged cavities (weight 550 g, wall thickness of the left ventricle 2.5 cm). Microscopically, cardiomyocytes are significantly enlarged, with fatty dystrophy and hyper chromic barrel-shaped nuclei. A process that has developed in the heart
+eccentric hypertrophy
In a man, 15 years after the initial infection with a pale treponema, the bones of the back of the nose collapsed, and the latter acquired a saddle-shaped form. A reconstructive surgery under the skin revealed the growth of a whitish dense tissue with gray gluten-like areas. The histological structure of the detected formation
+in center, coagulative
necrocis on periphery lymphocytes, pleasure cell many vessel
In a man, 15 years after the initial infection with a pale treponema, the bones of the back of the nose collapsed, and the latter acquired a saddle-shaped form. A reconstructive surgery under the skin revealed the growth of a whitish dense tissue with gray gluten-like areas. Morphological substrate of the detected formation
+gumma
A patient suffering from glomerulonephritis, died of chronic kidney disease. At the autopsy, a dull epicardium with greyish-yellow overlays with a hairline appearance was detected, the overlays are easily removed. On the pleura of both lungs easily visible grayish films are also visible. On the mucous membrane of the colon gray-yellow film, poorly separated from the surrounding tissues. Exudates composition
+fibrin, neutrophil
In a man, 15 years after the initial infection with a pale treponema, the bones of the back of the nose collapsed, and the latter acquired a saddle-shaped form. A reconstructive surgery under the skin revealed the growth of a whitish dense tissue with gray gluten-like areas. Clinical and morphological form of inflammation
+productive
In a man, 62 years old, who died on the background of the growing phenomena of heart failure, an autopsy heart with a flabby consistency was found at an autopsy, the chambers were stretched, the myocardium in the incision was dull, clay-yellow. From the endocardium is visible yellow-white striation, which is especially pronounced in the papillary muscles. Type of dystrophy in the heart
+parenchymal adipose
At necropsy of a 43-year-old woman’s corpse, osteomalacia was revealed (softening of the bones). Microscopically, in the mucous membrane of the stomach, in the myocardium of the left ventricle and in the kidneys, the presence of intense purple-colored deposits along the small vessels was detected. The reaction is positive. The process underlying the appearance of deposits in the vascular wall
+metastatic calcification
In the study of the remote stomach, the doctor found in the antrum on the lesser curvature a deep defect of the mucous membrane, reaching the muscle layer, 1.5 cm in diameter, rounded, with smooth edges. In the bottom of the defect, a translucent, dense plot was defined, in appearance resembling hyaline cartilage. Dystrophy, developed in the bottom of the defect in the stomach
+local hyalinosis
The patient suffered from hypertension and died of myocardial infarction. At the autopsy in the arterioles of the kidneys, heart, brain found: a thickening of the walls of blood vessels, intima represented by homogeneous pink masses. The kidneys are reduced in size, their surface is fine-grained. Dystrophy developed in the walls of blood vessels
+hyalinosis
The patient suffered from rheumatic mitral valve disease. Death came from chronic cardiovascular failure. At the opening of the mitral valve of the valve is thickened, spliced, milky white, histologically determined hyalinosis. Sequential changes that led to the development of this type of dystrophy
+mucoid & fibrinoid
sweeling
A 25-year-old patient with myeloid leukemia, after repeated blood transfusions, developed anemia, icteric staining of the skin and sclera. Death came from brain hemorrhage. At the autopsy, in addition to changes in the brain, there was an increase in the liver and spleen. The bone marrow and the named organs were of brown (rusty) color. The mechanism of development of the pathological process underlying these changes
+intravascular
haemolysis
The patient is 44 years old, produced sectoral resection of the right breast due to the presence of a dense tumor site. Macroscopically, a node with a diameter of 3 cm was found, dense in the capsule, pinkish, hard in the incision. Histologically, the tumor is represented by slit-like glandular structures, compressed by expanding connective tissue that predominates over the parenchyma. Tumor found in the mammary gland
+fibroadenoma
hemoptysis appeared in a young woman after an abortion, multiple foci of darkening and bleeding from the genital tract were found in the lungs. Histological examination of the scraping from the uterus cavity revealed the growth of atypical cells of cyto and syncytiotrophoblast. Causes of change in the lungs
+metastasis of
chronicepithelions
A man who had smoked for many years and suffered from chronic bronchitis was found to have a corneal lung tumor. The tumor is surgically removed. Histologically, the tumor is represented by cords of atypical epithelial cells that grow into the underlying tissue and contain nested clusters of keratin. Name the tumor
+squamus cell carcinoma
with keratinaization
At the autopsy, a brain-like cancer was found in the stomach wall. Features of its structure A patient with Gastroscopy in the area of the lesser curvature revealed a tumor formation with a diameter of 1.5 cm on the leg. The remote tumor is well delimited, soft elastic consistency, on the cut of gray-pink color, resembles the gastric mucosa. Histological examination diagnosed adenoma. The name of a malignant tumor that can develop from adenoma
+adeno carcinoma
A pilot who died due to depressurization of the cockpit had a large number of vesicles in histological examination of the internal organs in the vessels, and fatty degeneration in the liver. In the brain and spinal cord - multiple small ischemic foci of gray softening. The most likely cause of such changes
+gas embolism
A 29-year-old patient with a diagnosis of a “split-bone fracture of the right thigh” died 3 days after the fracture. Histological examination of the blood vessels of the lungs and brain revealed sudanophil drops, which completely overlap the lumen of the microvasculature. The complication that caused the death of the patient
+fatty embolism
A 65-year-old patient who smoked for many years under a microscopic examination of the lungs, the bronchial mucosa is lined in places with a non-keratinized multilayered epithelium instead of a ciliated multi-row. These changes in the epithelium of the bronchial mucosa characterize the pathological process.
+metaplasis
After surgical removal of the hollow liver formation, his autopsy was performed. The wall is formed by liver tissue and loose granulation tissue; in the lumen there is a thick, turbid liquid with an unpleasant odor, in which polymorphonuclear leukocytes predominate. Pathological process in the liver
+acute abcess
Microscopic examination of the liver biopsy reveals granulomas that consist of plasma, lymphoid, giant multinuclear Pirogov-Langhans cells, small vessels with signs of endo- and perivasculitis, and foci of caseous necrosis are found. The conclusion of the pathologist: liver tuberculosis. Is the pathologist right?
+ abcess is no this is gumma
The patient complained of severe pain in the second finger of the hand. The doctor discovered redness and swelling of the finger, and a round green-colored lesion on the terminal phalanx. At the opening of the lesion, a cavity was formed, the contents of a creamy consistency. In the exudate, the following cells predominate
:+neutrophyl
Microscopic examination of the sectional material of the deceased from hypertension in the arterioles of the brain, kidneys, myocardium, wall thickening, narrowing of the lumen were found, the intima is represented by homogeneous masses of pink color. Dystrophy depending on localization
+stroma vascular
A 25-year-old patient with myeloid leukemia, after repeated blood transfusions, developed anemia, icteric staining of the skin and sclera. Death came from brain hemorrhage. At the autopsy, in addition to changes in the brain, there was an increase in the liver and spleen. The bone marrow and the named organs were of brown (rusty) color. Type of jaundice in a patient
+prehepat
A 56-year-old patient went to a doctor with complaints of pain in small joints and their deformation due to the presence of stony density of formations; an accumulation of uric acid crystals, perifocal inflammation, and sclerosis were revealed during joint biopsy. Changes in small joints are manifestations
+gout
There is total lymphedema. Cause of acute common lymphedema
+blockage of diverting location
bilateral thrombosis of subclavin vein
A 70-year-old patient who suffered from chronic coronary artery disease was treated with a coronary artery. In the study of the damaged artery, a sharp sclerosis of its intima was found. Fibrin convolutions with platelets, erythrocytes and leukocytes were found in the constricted lumen of the artery, replaced over a considerable distance by connective tissue with cracks lined with endothelium and filled with erythrocytes. What happened to this education
+organisation
Microscopic examination of the sectional material of the deceased from hypertension in the arterioles of the brain, kidneys, myocardium, wall thickening, narrowing of the lumen were found, the intima is represented by homogeneous masses of pink color. At the necropsy, the kidneys are reduced in size, gray in color, their surface is small-hilly, the cortical substance is sharply thinned in the incision. The figurative name of the kidney
+primary
Microscopic examination of the lung tissue revealed a site of inflammation, which consists of a focus of necrosis, surrounded by regular rows of epithelioid, lymphoid cells, there are plasma cells, macrophages and giant multinuclear Pirogov-Langhans cells. The most likely conclusion
+inflammation intym of TB
A patient suffering from a heart defect (aortic valve insufficiency) suddenly appeared pale in the skin, blood pressure dropped dramatically, and death occurred. At the autopsy, a ruptured aneurysm was found in the ascending aorta, the aortic intima with multiple tuberoses and contractions resembling “shagreen”. Estimated process etiology
+treponema
Microscopic examination of the sectional material of the deceased from hypertension in the arterioles of the brain, kidneys, myocardium, wall thickening, narrowing of the lumen were found, the intima is represented by homogeneous masses of pink color. Pathological process developed in the walls of blood vessels
+hylinosis
On the section of the patient who died of myocardial infarction, liver obesity was detected. Macroscopic characteristics of the liver
+demantion increase
,consistency flabby, colore clay
Microscopic examination of the spleen in the cytoplasm of macrophages revealed a dark brown color of a diamond-shaped crystalline pigment. This pigment has a double refraction in polarized light. Perls reaction is negative. It is known that the deceased was sick with malaria. Pigment detected by the pathologist
+lepofuschin
A 40-year-old patient was diagnosed with prostate nodular hyperplasia, which squeezes the prostatic part of the urethra. The process developed in the wall of the bladder Microscopic examination of the liver tissue revealed that some cells broke up into small fragments with separate organelles and remnants of the nucleus, surrounded by a membrane. The inflammatory response was absent. Pathological process characterized by the described changes.
+acute hypertrophy
A 47-year-old patient who has been suffering from diabetes for a long time developed a feeling of numbness in the right lower extremity, the appearance of dark spots merging together among themselves on the foot and in the lower third of the leg, and the lower extremity swollen, swollen, with a fetid odor. Clinical and morphological form of necrosis of the patient.
+wet gangrene
A man who died of asphyxiation, who suffered from bronchial asthma for many years, histological in the lungs: there are a lot of mucus with an admixture of eosinophils in the lumens of the bronchioles and the small bronchi, the dilation of the alveoli. Mechanisms of hypersensitivity reaction development
+cytotoxic
There is a dynamic insufficiency of lymph circulation. The reason for the dynamic failure of lymph circulation
+flteration enhancement in
capellaries
Three days after a criminal abortion, the patient's temperature rose to 40 degrees, blackout, multiple petechiae on the skin. After 2 days, the patient died. A pathoanatomical study of the corpse revealed pronounced hyperplasia of the spleen, interstitial inflammation in the myocardium, liver, and kidneys. Your diagnosis
+ septic sepicemia
On the tomogram of the head, a tumor was found growing at the exit site of the 8th pair of cranial nerves on the left. Tumor removed. Histologically, the tumor is built of spindle-like cells with rod-shaped nuclei, cells and fibers form bundles that form palisade structures. Your conclusion
+psunoma
In a patient suffering from rheumatism for a long time, stenosis of the left atrio-ventricular orifice was found, death was caused by cardiopulmonary insufficiency. At the opening revealed brown induration of the lungs. A type of circulatory disorder that causes similar changes in the lungs.
+chronic left ventricular
faliure
during a traffic accident, the driver was wounded in the neck with broken glass. The bleeding was insignificant, but after a few minutes the victim died with symptoms of acute suffocation. When the heart of the deceased is cut, bubbles appear in the pericardial cavity filled with water. Possible pathological process
+air embolism
A 65-year-old patient with atherosclerosis noted pain in the right lower extremity, aggravated by walking. The tissues of the first toe were dark brown in color, the skin was dry and wrinkled, the border between the affected area and the surrounding tissues was clear. Clinical and morphological form of necrosis:
+dry gangrene
In the deceased from pneumonia, the lower lobe of the right lung is sharply enlarged, dense, airless, gray, with fibrin layering on the pleura. Microscopically, in all the alveoli of this share, fibrin and segmented leukocytes were detected. A process that has developed in the lower lobe of the right lung
+lobts pnuemonia
The patient suffered from hypertension and died of cerebral haemorrhage. Microscopic examination of the sectional material in the arterioles of the brain, kidneys, myocardium revealed thickening of the walls, narrowing of the lumen, the intima is represented by homogeneous masses of pink color. Type of pathological process caused changes in the walls of blood vessels
+plasma shocking
The patient suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis for many years. In recent years, chronic renal failure has been observed. He died of azotemic uraemia. Macroscopic characteristics of the kidneys.
+increased, thick,
yellowish- white, with a greasy luster dense
A 25-year-old patient with myeloid leukemia, after repeated blood transfusions, developed anemia, icteric staining of the skin and sclera. Death came from brain hemorrhage. At the autopsy, in addition to changes in the brain, there was an increase in the liver and spleen. The bone marrow and the named organs were of brown (rusty) color Skin. Coloring Pigment Yellow
+bilirubin
patient suffered from a bronchiectasis for many years. He died of azotemic uraemia. Type of kidney dystrophy
+amyloidosis
(protein dystrophies)
Thursday, May 23, 2019
A doctor of medical genetic counseling can determine the risk of having a sick child, based on Mendelian patterns of inheritance, in which case?
+monogeneously inherited trait and known genotypes of parents
If parents have a second and third blood group and are homozygous, then:
+ children will not inherit blood groups of parents
Type of inheritance is called holandric if genes are located in which chromosome?
+in a region of the Y
chromosome that does not have a homologue in the X chromosome
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