actin
troponin
tropomyosin
myosin
Tuesday, January 2, 2018
Choose limitations of photoplethysmography.
only relative measurements are possible
region of interest should have transparency
There are several types oflipids motility in the membrane. Choose them.
lateral diffusion
rotational diffusion
“flip-flop”
Height of liquid column in capillary tube depends of several parameters. They are
liquid-air surface tension
contact angle
density of liquid
radius of tube
Choose types of the cells which capable to produce action potential.
neurons
myocytes
glandular cells
Choose the existing options for action potential propagation along axon. slow spread
saltatory spread
immidiate propagation
Polarized light could be obtained from non-polarized by different physical phenomena. Choose them.
absorption
reflection
birefringence
Bright field microscopy could be enhanced by several techniques. Choose them.
oblique illumination
oil immersion technique
EEG. Choose correct statements.
scalp EEG activity is comprised of multiple oscillations
scalp EEG measures summated activity of post-synaptic currents
EEG. Choose the limitations of this method.
poor spatial resolution
impossible to obtain details of brain structure
In both ECG and EEG used amplification of input signal, what are the differencies between them?
frequency range
amplification factor
Choose statements that are correct for both electrocardiography and electroencephalography.
electrodes are placed in typical locations
native signal is weak and should be amplified
electric signal originated in human body is detected
rhytmic activity is object of interest
Blood viscosity are determined by factors…
plasma viscosity
mechanical properties of red blood cells
hematocrit
Choose the groups of factors that affecting resistance for blood flowing
extravascular mechanical forces acting upon the vasculature
physical characteristics of the blood
the organization of the vascular network
size of individual vessels
Choose the conditions which are required for successfull contraction in striated muscular cells.
presence of ATP
presence of Ca ions in sarcoplasm
there is enough space
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation describe transmembrane potential as a function of transmembrane gradients…
of K concentration
of Cl- concentration
of Na concentration
Which research methods allows to prove that membrane composed from lipid bilayer?
Langmuir–Blodgett trough
electron microscopy
Choose metods allows to obtain image of biological object, which are use absorption of x-rays by tissues
photofluorography
computed tomography
projection radiography
Choose the limitations for standard bright field optical microscopy.
diffraction limits resolution to approximately 0.2 micrometre.
technique can only image dark or strongly refracting objects effectively
out of focus light from points outside the focal plane reduces image clarity
Specific absorption in the nucleic acids is based on the two kinds of chromophoric groups. Choose them
pyrymidyne groups
purine groups
Specific absorption in the proteins is based on the three kinds of chromophoric groups. Choose them.
pendent groups of amino-acid residues
prosthetic groups
peptide groups
Choose the advantages for bright field microscopy.
equipment relatively cheap and widely spread
it is simple method
Choose the advantages for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.
it is fast method
it is very specific method
Choose the advantages for UV-visible spectrophotometry.
it is fast method
it is very accurate method
Ultrasonic investigation (USI) methods often used for cardiovascular system. Choose the advantages for echocardiography.
it is accurate method
it can be performed remotely
Ultrasonic investigation (USI) methods often used for cardiovascular system. Choose the advantages for Doppler investigation method.
it is non-invasive method
it is accurate method
Electrical impedance plethysmography (EIPG) is rather popular method for investigation of cardiovascular system. Choose the advantages for this method.
cheap equipment used
could be used for long-term monitoring
it is non-invasive method
Choose the disadvantages for magnetic resonance imaging.
precise parts of equipment require specific handling and conditions
high cost of equipment
poor time resolution
Choose the advantages for magnetic resonance imaging.
use no ionizing radiation
visualize function of internal organs rather than structure
Choose the disadvantages for diagnostic ultrasound imaging (echography).
results strongly depends from skilled operator
ultrasound beam have insufficient penetration ability for the deep parts of the organism
Choose the advantages for diagnostic ultrasound imaging (echography)
real-time imaging
use no ionizing radiation
In which state are ion channels at time moment marked 3
slow Na channels opened
fast K channels opened
What is the one of the advantages for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method?
it is very specific method
What is the main restriction of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method?
used only for particular substances
Which main physical concept is employed in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method?
non-zero concentration of soluted susbtance related with absorption at given wavelength
What is main goal of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method?
identification of biological substances
Which main physical concept is employed in colorimetry?
concentration of soluted susbtance related with absorption at given wavelength
Which main physical concept is employed in UV-visible spectrophotometry?
concentration of soluted susbtance related with absorption at given wavelength
Which main physical concept is employed in polarimetry?
concentration of optically active susbtance related with angle of refraction
Which main physical concept is employed in pulse oximetry?
absorption at given wavelength related to concentration of oxyhemoglobin
Ultrasonic investigation (USI) methods oftenly used for cardiovascular system. What is the one of the limitations for Doppler investigation method?
strongly depend from skill of personnel
Ultrasonic investigation (USI) methods oftenly used for cardiovascular system. Which main physical concept is employed in Doppler investigation method?
frequency shift of reflected ultrasonic beam
Ultrasonic investigation (USI) methods oftenly used for cardiovascular system. What is the one of the limitations for echocardiography?
strongly depend from skill of personnel
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is rather popular method for investigation of cardiovascular system. What is the main restriction for this method?
region of interest should has at least partially transmission for light
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is rather popular method for investigation of cardiovascular system. What is the one of the limitations for PPG?
only relative measurements are possible
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is rather popular method for investigation of cardiovascular system. Which main physical concept is employed there?
amount of blood related with optical density
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is rather popular method for investigation of cardiovascular system. What is the particular purpose of PPG
measure amount of blood in given part of body
Electrical impedance plethysmography (EIPG) is rather popular method for investigation of cardiovascular system. What is the particular purpose of EIPG
measure amount of blood in given part of body
Which is the correct statement about electrocardiography and electroencephalography.
electrodes are placed in typical locations
During ECG record electrodes most often located near wrists and ankles due to…?
there are quite stable surface, away from large muscles
According to Einthoven’s theory, heart is assumed as system of charges, and behave as follow: …?
it rotate in 3 dimensions and change it’s amplitude over time, forming system of loops
In electrographic diagnostic equipment which element expected to be last
storage and transmission device
Once the sensor converts input mechanical energy into output electric field energy. Which phenomenon could be used there?
electromagnetic induction effect
Except plasma viscosity, hematocrit which other factor affect blood viscosity ?
mechanical properties of red blood cells
Blood flow within a vascular network meet some resistance to it. What could influence tesistance?
diameter of particular blood vessels
Why metallic thermocouple not suitable for usage in medical thermometry
it have poor frequency range in human body temperature range
During auscultatory measurement of blood pressure, why fifth Korotkoff sound appears
turbulence quits in arterial blood vessel under cuff
During auscultatory measurement of blood pressure, why first Korotkoff sound appears
turbulence takes place in arterial blood vessel under cuff
During measurement of blood pressure, using the auscultatory method with sphygmomanometer, at which moment diastolic pressure is registered
when fifth Korotkoff sound become hearable
During measurement of blood pressure, using the auscultatory method with sphygmomanometer, at which moment systolic pressure is registered
when Korotkoff sounds are first heard
In resting state of cell permeability of it’s membrane for Na and Cl- ions much smaller than for K ions, and that’s mean
membrane potential close to equilibrium potential of K+
Standard measuring range in the absorptive spectophotometery includes 3 three spectral ranges
short-range ultra-violet (180-380 nm), visible (380-760 nm) and short-range infrared (760-1100 nm)
Monday, January 1, 2018
Which type of optical microscopy enhanced by oil immersion technique
bright field optical microscopy
Which changes in ionic distibution inside and outside of membrane could shift action potential threshold
changing the balance between sodium and potassium currents
In modern sensors electric field energy domain is most popular output due to
due to wide-spreaded electonic systems
Qualitative spectral analysis based on the fact that for a particular compound normalized absorption spectrum is
specific, not depending of concentration
In striated muscular cells, when Ca released to cytoplasm from endoplasmatic reticulum, what happens after this
active sites of actin become unblocked
In striated muscular cells, contraction starts from arrival of nerve impulse. Choose next stage.
spreading of action potential over t-tubules
What is purpose of electrical impedance plethysmography
measure amount of blood in given part of body
What is the main concept used in electric impedance plethysmography
amount of blood related with optical density
What is the limitation of magnetic resonance imaging
forbidden to use for patients with ferromagnetic metallic implants
What is the main concept used in magnetic resonance imaging
emission of radio wave from protons excited by magnetic field
What is the disadvantage of diagnostic ultrasound imaging (echography)
results strongly depends from skilled operator
What is the limitation of diagnostic ultrasound imaging (echography)
objects after bones and air not imaged clearly
What is the main concept used in diagnostic ultrasound imaging (echography)
reflection of ultrasonic beam make object visible
What is purpose of diagnostic ultrasound imaging (echography)
obtaining image of internal structures in human body
What is the limitation of polarized light microscopy
used only for optically active or birefringent objects
What is purpose of polarized light microscopy
obtaining magnified image of optically active biological objects
What is purpose of dark field microscopy
obtaining magnified image of low-contrast and scattering biological objects
What is the limitation of bright field microscopy
used only for stained or natively absorptive objects
What is the main concept used in bright field microscopy
absorption on particular wavelengths make object visible
What is purpose of bright field microscopy
obtaining magnified image of high-contrast or stained biological objects
What is the main concept used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
non-zero concentration of soluted susbtance related with absorption at given wavelength
What is the main concept used in colorimetry
concentration of soluted susbtance related with absorption at given wavelength
What is the main concept used in UV-visible spectrophotometry
concentration of soluted susbtance related with absorption at given wavelength
What is the main concept used in polarimetry
concentration of optically active susbtance related with angle of rotation
Which phenomena allows to obtain image of biological object in MRI scanning
absorption of electromagnetic waves by tissues
Which phenomena allows to obtain image of biological object in Doppler ultrasonography
reflection of ultrasound by tissues
Which phenomena allows to obtain image of biological object in ultrasound echography
reflection of ultrasound by tissues
Which phenomena allows to obtain image of biological object in photofluorography
absorption of x-rays by tissues
Which phenomena allows to obtain image of biological object in computed tomography
absorption of x-rays by tissues
Which phenomena allows to obtain image of biological object in x-ray tomography
absorption of x-rays by tissues
Which phenomena allows to obtain image of biological object in projection radiography
absorption of x-rays by tissues
Which phenomena allows to obtain image of biological object in endoscopy
absorption of light by tissues
The freeze-fracture/freeze etch technique used for investigate
internal structure of membrane and allocation of proteins
The freeze-fracture/freeze etch technique used for prepare specimen to
transmission electron microscopy
Spin labeled lipids and electron-spin resonance method could be used to prove
“flip-flop” transition
Differential scanning calorimetry used to
find out transition between gel and liquid crystalline phases in lipids
How could be shifted action potential threshold
changing the balance between sodium and potassium currents
A convenient way of describing the different transduction possibilities is a(an)
three dimensional energy space diagram
ECG machine consists of
connecting wires, electrodes, an amplifier, a storage and transmission device
Surface EEG is the summation of the synchronous activity of thousands of neurons that have
similar spatial orientation, radial to the scalp
While the relative intensity of the absorption lines do not vary with concentration, at any given wavelength the measured absorbance ( − log(I / I0)) has been shown to be proportional to the molar concentration of the absorbing species and the thickness of the sample the light passes through. It is called
Beer-Lambert law
One of limitations of standard optical microscopy is
diffraction limits resolution to approximately 0.2 micrometre.
One of limitations of standard optical microscopy is
technique can only image dark or strongly refracting objects effectively
One of limitations of standard optical microscopy is
out of focus light from points outside the focal plane reduces image clarity
Why electric field energy domain is very popular output in modern sensors
due to wide-spreaded electonic systems
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