First place where action potential arises during cardiocycle is

sinoatrial node

Appearance of the ventricular repolarization is seen on the ECG as

T-wave

Appearance of electrical impulse spreading through the ventricular myocardium seen as

QRS complex

Appearance of delay in the atrioventricular node forms the most part of

PR interval

Appearance of electrical impulse conduction throughout the atria is seen on the ECG as

P-wave

Which microscopy technique utilize illumination of object with high energy light, and it’s emission of light with a different, lower frequency

fluorescence microscopy

Which optical microscopy illumination technique uses that the small phase shifts in the light passing through a transparent specimen are converted into amplitude or contrast changes in the image

phase contrast optical microscopy

Which microscopy method, in both light and electron microscopy, that exclude the unscattered beam from the image

dark field microscopy

Choose one of the limitations for standard bright field optical microscopy.

out of focus light from points outside the focal plane reduces image clarity

Choose one of the limitations for standard bright field optical microscopy

technique can only image dark or strongly refracting objects effectively

Method used to measurement of lung function, specifically amount (volume) and/or speed (flow) of air that can be inhaled and exhaled is called

spirometry

One of limitations of standard optical microscopy is

out of focus light from points outside the focal plane reduces image clarity

Which of these potentials refer to electrical processes on biological membrane or solution

equilibrium potential

Which of these potentials refer to native electrical processes on biological membrane for neurons

action potential

Which of these potentials refer to native electrical processes on biological membrane for each cell?

rest potential

Device which measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. It is

sensor

Which sensor's parameter indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the measured quantity changes

sensitivity

Sensitivity of the sensor it is

ratio between values of measurand and output 

In ECG, why electroldes most oftenly putted near wrists and ankles

there are quite stable surface, away from large muscles

Einthoven, in his theory, proposes that system of charges, that represent heart demonstrate quite specific behaviour, namely

it rotate in 3 dimensions and change it’s amplitude over time, forming system of loops

Einthoven, in his theory, proposes that chest could be represented as

isotropic conductive medium

Einthoven, in his theory, proposes that heart could be represented as

dipole

In ECG, when recording typical 6 chest leads, how many electrodes should be settled on body

10

In ECG, when recording typical 3 monopolar limb leads, how many electrodes should be settled on body

4

In ECG, when recording typical 3 bipolar limb leads, how many electrodes should be settled on body

4

In ECG, when recording typical set of 12 leads ( 3 bipolar and 3 unipolar limb leads and 6 chest leads), how many electrodes should be settled on body

10

In sarcomere of striated muscular cells there are several regions or bands, visible in microscope. One of them is called I-band. That is because full name is

isotropic band

In sarcomere of striated muscular cells there are several regions or bands, visible in microscope. One of them is called A-band. That is because full name is

anisotropic band

Which types of blood flow exists

laminar and turbulent

Which type of blood flow mostly presented in human circulatory system

laminar

Where in human body can be find turbulent flow

in ascending part of aorta

Which factor affect resistance to blood flow within a vascular network

size of individual vessels

Which kind of blood vessels mostly affect resistance to blood flow

small arteries and arterioles

Term impedance refers to

opposition that of system to alternating and/or direct electric current

Which phisical agent used in iontophoresis method

magnetic field

Which phisical agent used in inductothermy method

magnetic field

Which phisical agent used in diathermy method

electric field

Biomembrane is a lipid bilayer, composed of

a double layer of lipid-class molecules, with occasional proteins intertwined

Peripheral proteins located in the biomembrane, they are

attached only to one surface of the membrane and do not penetrate all the way through 

Integral proteins located in the biomembrane, they are

protrude all the way through the membrane 

The cell membrane is a thin, pliable, elastic structure. It thickness approximately is

7.5 to 10 nanometers

One end of each phospholipid molecule is soluble in lipids, it’s called

hydrophobic

One end of each phospholipid molecule is soluble in water, it’s called

hydrophilic 

In the membranes with very slow rate individual phospholipids can spontaneously move from one monolayer to the other. This phenomenon called:

“flip-flop”

A microscopy technique whereby a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra

transmission electron microscopy 

Types of lipids motility in membrane

lateral diffusion, rotating diffusion, “flip-flop”

By the surface tension liquid

squeezes itself until it has lowest possible surface area 

Ability of a substance to draw another substance into it is called

capillary action

Membrane potential occur by the

action of ion transporters embedded in the membrane

Which types of cell could generate rest potential

all types of cells

Which types of cell could generate action potential

nervous, muscular, glandular cells

Membrane voltage at which the distribution across the membrane of a particular ion is in equilibrium – it is

equilibrium ion potential

For sodium, ENa+ (Nernst potential) is typically

+60 mV

For potassium, EK+ (Nernst potential) is typically

-80 mV

Membrane potential that would be generated if there were no action potentials, synaptic potentials, or other active changes in the membrane potential is called

rest potential

Which type of membrane transport realized by the ion pumps

active transport

Ion pump Na+/K+-ATPase is

electrogenic

Which proteins produce charge imbalance across the cell membrane and can also contribute directly to the membrane potential

ion pumps

What is required for Na+/K+-ATPase function

energy in ATP form 

Which number of Na+ ions transported by Na+/K+-ATPase at one cycle?

3

Which number of K+ ions transported by Na+/K+-ATPase at one cycle

2

Which number of K+ ions transported by Na+/K+-ATPase at one cycle

2

At which direction K+ ion transported by Na+/K+-ATPase

2 ions inward cell

At which direction Na+ ion transported by Na+/K+-ATPase

3 ions outward cell

Saltatory conduction is is the process by which an action potential

appears to jump along the length of an axon, being regenerated only at uninsulated segments 

Action potentials propagate speed depends of

diameter of axon

Saltatory conduction wide spread in

axons of nervous cells of invertebrate

Saltatory conduction

increases nerve conduction acceleration

One of the reasons of measurements errors in sensors

loading effect 

unavoidable errors One of the reasons of measurements errors in sensors

transducer dynamics

One of the reasons of measurements errors in sensors

unavoidable errors

One of the reasons of measurements errors in sensors

presence of noise

Random deviation of the signal that varies in time is called

noise

If the output signal is not zero when the measured property is zero, the sensor has a (an)

offset 

If the sensitivity is not constant over the range of the sensor, this is called

nonlinearity of sensor

If the deviation is caused by a rapid change of the measured property over time, there is a

drift 

If the output signal slowly changes independent of the measured property, this is defined as

drift 

Sensitivity may in practice differ from the value specified. It is

sensitivity error 

By energy requirements sensors could be classified as

active and passive

The smallest change sensor can detect in the quantity that it is measuring is called

resolution of a sensor

All other inputs other than the measurand acting onto transducer are called

undesired inputs  

Quantities that cause changes in the input/output (I/O) relations between the "desired and/or interfering inputs" and "desired output" are

modifying inputs 

Interfering inputs represent

the transducer inputs to which the instrument is unintentionally sensitive 

The particular system parameter/variable being observed, and quantified by a transducer during the measurement process is called the

measurand 

Energy information conversion is the objective of a(an)

sensor

A sensor is a device which measures a(an)

physical qualitative pair parameters and converts its into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument

We can distinguish six different energy domains: (1) … , (2) electrical, (3) thermal, (4) mechanical, (5) magnetic, (6) radiant. 1 domain is

chemical

We can distinguish six different energy domains: (1) … , (2) thermal, (3) mechanical, (4) electrical, (5) radiant, (6) chemical

magnetic

We can distinguish six different energy domains: (1) … , (2) magnetic, (3) thermal, (4) mechanical , (5) radiant, (6) chemical. 1 domain is

electrical

We can distinguish six different energy domains: (1) …, (2) mechanical, (3) chemical, (4) electrical, (5) magnetic, (6) radiant. 1 domain is

thermal

We can distinguish six different energy domains: (1) … , (2) radiant, (3) thermal, (4) electrical, (5) magnetic, (6) chemical. 1 domain is

mechanical

We can distinguish six different energy domains: (1) … , (2) mechanical, (3) thermal, (4) electrical, (5) magnetic, (6) chemical. 1 domain is

radiant

Transducer which requires no auxiliary energy source to convert energy is

self-generating transducer

Transducer which requires an auxiliary energy source to convert energy from one domain into another is

modulating transducer

Electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit is a (an)

electrode

Device for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector component is called

biosensor

Combination of electrodes that form an imaginary line in the object along which the electrical signals are measured is a (an)

lead

Widely used method to describe the location of scalp electrodes in

“10-20”

Which electrodes use a vacuum system to remain in place

suction electrodes

Plate electrode is

metal disk

Record of electrical activity of the heart over time is called

electrocardiogram

Which component of ECG-machine required to convert the weak electrical signal from the body into a more readable signal for the output device

amplifier

Left mid-axillary line at same horizontal level as V4 & V5. Which chest electrode is placed there

V6

Left anterior axillary line at same horizontal level as V4. Which chest electrode is placed there

V5

Fifth intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line. Which chest electrode is placed there

v4

Fourth intercostal space at the left sternal edge. Which chest electrode is placed there

v2

Fourth intercostal space at the right sternal edge. Which chest electrode is placed there

v1

Right leg limb lead is placed on

right lower leg, proximal to ankle

Left leg limb lead is placed on

left lower leg, proximal to ankle

Left arm limb lead is placed on

left forearm, proximal to wrist

Right arm limb lead is placed on

right forearm, proximal to wrist

Repolarization of the ventricles is seen on the ECG as

T-wave

Spread of electrical activity through the ventricular myocardium produces

QRS complex

Delay in the atrioventricular node forms the most part of

PR interval

Conduction of the electrical impulse throughout the atria is seen on the ECG as

P-wave

After His bundle wave of depolarization propagate to

Purkinje fibers

After atrioventricular node wave of depolarization is propagated to

After atrioventricular node wave of depolarization is propagated to …

His bundle

Normally in which part of heart’s conduction system delay of excitement wave occurs

atrioventricular node

Normally atrioventricular node is stimulated by

sinoatrial node

Impulse from sinoatrial node stimulates

atria to contract

In cardiocycle action potential arises in

sinoatrial node

Specialized conduction tissue of the heart has the special property of depolarizing without any external influence. This property is called

automaticity

Specialized action potential in the heart, with unique properties necessary for function of the electrical conduction system of the heart, is called

cardiac action potential

Portable device for continuously monitoring the electrical activity of the heart for 24 hours or more is called

Holter monitor

Which frequency corresponding to theta-waves

4-7 Hz

Which frequency corresponding to delta -waves

0-3 Hz

Which frequency corresponding to gamma-waves

26-100 Hz

8-12 Hz Which frequency corresponding to beta-waves?

12-30 Hz

Which frequency corresponding to alpha-waves

8-12 Hz

Normally alpha rhythm is seen

at closed eyes

Normally theta rhythm is seen

in young children 

Normally delta rhythm is seen

in adults in slow wave sleep

Normally beta rhythm is seen

at active thinking 

Signals in the EEG that having non-cerebral origin are called

artifacts

For most clinical and research applications electrode locations and names are specified by

international 10–20 system

Quantum of which spectral region of electromagnetic waves has energy more than microwaves but less than visible

infrared

Quantum of which spectral region of electromagnetic waves has energy more than infrared but less than ultraviolet

visible

Quantum of which spectral region of electromagnetic waves has energy more than visible but less than X-rays

ultraviolet

Quantum of which spectral region of electromagnetic waves has energy more than ultraviolet but less than gamma rays

X-rays

Quantum of which spectral region of electromagnetic waves has energy more than X-rays

gamma-rays

Which spectral region of electromagnetic waves has frequency more than radio waves but less than infrared

microwaves

Which spectral region of electromagnetic waves has frequency more than microwaves but less than visible

infrared

Which spectral region of electromagnetic waves has frequency more than infrared but less than ultraviolet

visible

Which spectral region of electromagnetic waves has frequency more than visible but less than X-rays

ultraviolet

Which spectral region of electromagnetic waves has frequency more than ultraviolet but less than gamma rays

X-rays

Which spectral region of electromagnetic waves has frequency more than X-rays

gamma-rays

Quantum of which spectral region of electromagnetic waves has energy more than radio waves but less than infrared

microwaves

Usage of the absorption, emission, or scattering of electromagnetic radiation by matter for qualitatively or quantitatively study the matter or for study physical processes is called

spectroscopy

Redirection of light due to its interaction with matter. Scattering might or might not occur with a transfer of energy. It is called

scattering

A transition from a higher level to a lower level with transfer of energy from the emitter to the radiation field. It is called

emission

A transition from a lower level to a higher level with transfer of energy from the radiation field to an absorber, atom, molecule, or solid. It is called

absorption

Method which uses the range of electromagnetic spectra in which a substance radiates is called

emission spectroscopy

Method where amount of light scattered by substance at certain wavelengths, incident angles, and polarization angles is measured, is called

scattering spectroscopy

Method which uses the range of the electromagnetic spectra in which a substance absorbs is called

absorption spectroscopy

Method which uses the range of the electromagnetic spectra in which a substance absorbs is called

absorption spectroscopy

For a particular compound normalized absorption spectrum is

specific, not depending of concentration

An optical instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used to identify materials is called

spectrometer

An instrument that transforms an incoming time-domain waveform into a frequency spectrum, or generally a sequence of such spectra is called

spectrograph

A transverse wave consisting of coupled electric E and magnetic M fields oscillating in mutually perpendicular directions is called

light wave

Property of transverse waves which describes the orientation of the oscillations in the plane perpendicular to the wave's direction of travel is called

polarization

Preferential absorption of light which is polarized in a particular direction is called

dichroism

An arrangement of many microscopic herapathite crystals is called

polaroid film

Which type of polarizers splits the incident beam into two beams of different polarization

beam-splitting polarizers

At which angle, no plane-polarized light is reflected from the surface, thus all reflected light must be s-polarized, with an electric field perpendicular to the plane of incidence

Brewster's angle

Decomposition of a ray of light into two rays (the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray) when it passes through certain types of material, such as calcite crystals or boron nitride, depending on the polarization of the light is called

birefringence

Rotation of linearly polarized light as it travels through certain materials is called

optical activity

List three branches of microscopy

optical, electron, scanning probe microscopy

What is the basic contractile unit known as the functional unit of muscle

sarcomere

When thin filaments slide on the thick filaments the sarcomere is contracted. This model is called

thick&thin model

The process of oxygen transport from the clean air to the tissue cells and the carbon dioxide transport in the opposite direction is called

respiration

Measure of the fluid resistance to deformation by either shear stress or extensional stress is called

viscosity

Fluids satisfying Newton's criterion are called

Newtonian fluids

Fluids having a more complicated relationship between shear stress and velocity gradient than simple linearity are called

Non-Newtonian fluids

Study of the deformation and flow of matter under the influence of an applied stress, which might be shear stress or extensional stress is called

rheology

Studying forces affecting the flow of blood throughout the body is called

hemodynamics

The pressure stretching the ventricle of the heart, after passive filling and atrial contraction is called

preload

The tension produced by a chamber of the heart in order to contract is called …

afterload

Amount of blood in the left ventricle ejects in one beat is called …

stroke volume

Amount of blood in the left ventricle ejects into the systemic circulation in one minute is called

cardiac output

A transition from a lower level to a higher level with transfer of energy from the radiation field to an absorber, atom, molecule, or solid. It is called

absorption

A transition from a higher level to a lower level with transfer of energy from the emitter to the radiation field. It is called

emission

Redirection of light due to its interaction with matter. Scattering might or might not occur with a transfer of energy. It is called

scattering

Electron Spin Resonance phenomenon is based on

reorientation of electrons on particular orbits

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance phenomenon is based on

realignement of nuclei components

Choose form of interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter

transmission

Choose form of interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter

emission

Choose form of interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter

scattering

Any biological effect of electromagnetic waves could be realised only through

absorption

Light is the

flux of photons

Light is the

oscilation of electric and magnetic fields in perpendicular planes

Choose type of light polarization

linear

Choose type of light polarization

circular

Choose type of light polarization

elliptical

What is the common purpose of optical microscopy

provide magnified image

What is the main purpose of bright field optical microscopy

obtain magnified image of contrast and absorptive objects

What is the main physical phenomenon used in bright field optical microscopy

absorption

What is the main physical phenomenon used in polarization optical microscopy

rotation of polarization of plane-polarized light

Phenomenon in the membranes, which could be described as very slow rate spontaneous movement of individual phospholipids from one monolayer to the other. This phenomenon is called

“flip-flop”

Ion pumps realize transmembrane transport. Which type of transport it is

active transport

Ion channels realize transmembrane transport. Which type of transport it is

passive diffusion

Some transducer requires no auxiliary energy source to convert energy. Such trancduer is called

self-generating transducer

Some transducer require an auxiliary energy source to convert energy from one domain into another. Such trancduer is called

manipulating transducer

Action potential, specific to heart muscle, with unique properties necessary for function of the electrical conduction system of the heart, is called

cardiac action potential

Property of cardiac cells, consist in depolarization without any external influence. This property is called

automaticity

Electrode on the right leg is typically placed on

right lower leg, proximal to ankle

Electrode on the left leg is typically placed on

left lower leg, proximal to ankle

Electrode on the left arm is typically placed on

left forearm, proximal to wrist

Electrode on the right arm is typically placed on

right forearm, proximal to wrist

During ECG registration one of electrodes was allocated at left mid-axillary line at same horizontal level as V4 & V5. Which chest electrode is placed there

v6

During ECG registration one of electrodes was allocated at left anterior axillary line at same horizontal level as V4. Which chest electrode is placed there

v5

During ECG registration one of electrodes was allocated at fifth intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line. Which chest electrode is placed there

v4

During ECG registration one of electrodes was allocated at fourth intercostal space at the left sternal edge. Which chest electrode is placed there

v2

During ECG registration one of electrodes was allocated at fourth intercostal space at the right sternal edge. Which chest electrode is placed there

v1

Which term refers to rotation of linearly polarized light as it travels through certain materials

optical activity

Which term represents process of oxygen transport from the clean air to the tissue cells and the carbon dioxide transport in the opposite direction

respiration

Part of fluid dynamics that investigates deformation and flow of matter under the influence of an applied stress, which might be shear stress or extensional stress is called

rheology

Part of fluid dynamics that investigates forces affecting the flow of blood throughout the body is called

haemodynamics

Critical value of that quantity predicts the transition between laminar and turbulent flow. It is

reinolds number

Through one cycle left ventricle ejects particular amount of blood. It is called

stroke volume

What is the basic contractile unit known as the functional unit of muscle

sarcomere

When thin filaments slide on the thick filaments the sarcomere is contracted. This model is called

sliding filament model

The process of oxygen transport from the clean air to the tissue cells and the carbon dioxide transport in the opposite direction is called

respiration